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[Music]

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hello everyone so I'm going to sort of

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completely switch gears so I'm a

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master's student at Johns Hopkins

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studying bio informatics and I also work

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at Jet Propulsion lab under the

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planetary protection group and today I'm

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sort of not going to talk about either

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those things so we're going to talk

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about the organic detection in evaporite

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minerals and what that tells us about

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our search for biosignatures on Mars so

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sort of the purpose to track the

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microbiological changes that occur when

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going from an active biological system

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into these evaporite minerals prior to

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during and after evaporite of formation

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so the methods we employed so we extract

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the DNA from multiple samples and

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developed in-house validation techniques

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to confirm the extraction from hyper

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saline fluids as some of you may know

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that this might be difficult due to

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inhibitors that are present within the

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fluids and the minerals we also utilized

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Rahman datasets to compare the active

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biological information into the

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evaporite minerals and what we're

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detecting they're sort of the goals we

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want to quantify the preservation

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potential when going from an active

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system into evaporite minerals which may

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be Sol which may support active

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biological life or may sort of form

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dormant versions of the microorganisms

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that are present we also wanted to

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compare the sensitivity of these bio

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signatures and comparing multiple

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detection techniques within modern

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evaporites and what that looks like

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across a larger time scale so the three

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main questions that we looked at what

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would be the threshold of detection for

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both the bio signatures what the

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preservation looks like and what that

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looks like over a larger geological time

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scale so how much biology would you need

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in the active system to constitute a

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viable and detectable signal within the

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evaporite minerals sort of what what

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can get preserved from the active system

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and if there's any selection as to what

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is being selected and what is being

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preserved within the evaporite minerals

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for a longer time scale so the

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motivation behind this study this is

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chrism data from the Mars Reconnaissance

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Orbiter which is an orbiter on Mars that

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got there in 2006 so as you can see

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we've detected phyllosilicates silica

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chlorides carbonates and sulfates which

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is what we're what which is what I'm

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going to talk about so particularly

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gypsum and halite so this is the

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analogue site that we used to study

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these evaporite minerals to the north

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arm of the Great Salt Lake in Utah this

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is an active system supports a variety

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of microbial organisms and it is cut off

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from the south arm so it is a closed

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system and sort of the analogous site on

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Mars would be the Jazira crater where

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we've detected the presence of clays and

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sulfates

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again another analogous environment

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between what we studied and Mars so the

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gypsum crystals that we looked at and

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sort of the sulfate veins which are

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hydrated minerals that are present

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within Gale Crater on Mars and this is

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an image from MSL so sort of going

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through the various samples that we

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looked at so we focused on the hey light

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hopper crystals that are found here and

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particularly within these crystals we

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wanted to focus on the fluid inclusions

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within them so these may serve as sort

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of micro environments within the crystal

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that may support maybe even active

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metabolic some of these organisms that

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are being preserved here on the bottom

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these are the hey light terraces that

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were sampled so on the top you can see a

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much clearer white in comparison to the

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bottom that has sort of a pinkish color

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to it so the top we believe I mean you

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have the same sort of biology that's

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present within these two however the top

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is being irradiated by UV radiation and

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and we believe that that pigmentation

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loss is due to that although you can't

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see it in this image but underneath

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these pink crystal or the pink hey light

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Terrace

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there is sort of a pool of the lake

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water that is providing continual inputs

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into the formation of these evaporites

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so sort of looking at the microbiology

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that's present within the liquid and

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what we can extract from the evaporites

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can tell us what is being preserved the

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gypsum crystals on the right we also

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extracted DNA from these and again

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similar to the hey light hopper crystals

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we wanted to understand whether those

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clays which are being entombed within

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the gypsum crystals again provide a sort

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of safe haven for the microbial life

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that's being preserved within these as

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well as the potential bio signatures and

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then comparing that with in the

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unfiltered lake water as well as the

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environmental controls so the unfiltered

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lake water is home to active life and so

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looking at the sort of diversity and

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abundance that's present there in

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comparison to the crystals will allow us

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to understand what that preservation

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potential looks like the environmental

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controls sort of served as a baseline to

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understand whether or not any any of the

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surrounding sediment that's within the

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vicinity of these crystals had any

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inputs in terms of the microbial life

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that we're detecting so this is an

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overall map of sort of some of the most

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relevant biomolecules that we've looked

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at so DNA of course provides the most

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relevant information you can extract out

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the resistances that are present with

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indeed within these microorganisms their

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metabolic pathways you get down to

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species even strain level information

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however it is fairly a short-lived

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molecule in comparison to some of these

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others proteins which would be the

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active workers of the cell although

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those are that they do provide relevant

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information it is quite difficult to

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extract them and sort of relate them

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back to what species they came from

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within a mixed environmental sample

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similar to lipids where you have that

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limitation however these are viable over

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a larger geological time scale

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and then the total organic carbon which

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is the longest-lived and sort of

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comparing that as a robust bio signature

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back to DNA which would be our more

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relevant and highest resolution this is

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some of the preliminary data so we did

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extract DNA from these samples and we

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have sent them for sequencing to look at

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sort of the microbiome that's present

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across but we were able to extract DNA

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from all the samples so one thing to

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note is that this gypsum both the clay

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and non clay so we were able to target

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and take a core of just the clay and

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compare that back to the gypsum portions

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that didn't have that sediment entombed

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within them they do have much more DNA

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in comparison to some of these other

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samples including the active system and

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this is normalized down to a per gram or

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per ml of the material that we extracted

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from so although we know there's life

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here this is sort of a much more

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concentrated version of that lake water

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when you compare that to the sediment

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that's present the sediment is much more

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abundant in microbial life and and that

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makes sense because soil houses a great

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diversity of microbes and so

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understanding the microbial abundance

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present here we are able to track and

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parse out whether these had any inputs

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into the formation of the minerals and

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whether there's any crosstalk across

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this sort of the merged data of our

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various sample categories so we did

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sample multiple sites and replicates

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within those sites so you are again able

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to see that the lake water in comparison

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to the gypsum gypsum we're able to get

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much more DNA and environmental controls

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are still way above the evaporites

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system of the preliminary raman data we

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looked at so the main thing to note here

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is that the reference halo bacteria that

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we used this was a pure culture we did

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get similar peaks within that in

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comparison

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to the mixed environmental samples which

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tells us whatever we're detecting is

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sort of ubiquitously found across

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various different species because these

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may have multiple different species and

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this is a pure culture and we sort of

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trace that back to beta-carotene which

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was mentioned as something that comes up

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within Rahman data it's a carotenoid

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that some of these extreme affiliate

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organisms produce so in conclusion these

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evaporite minerals halite and gypsum do

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absolutely retain and preserve some of

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the biological material that's present

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within the lake system and in particular

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we wanted to focus on the fluid

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inclusions within the halite and the

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clay within the gypsum to see whether or

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not those have any selection as to what

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is being preserved within them on the

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right you see an image of using an FTIR

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spectrometer and this sort of the heat

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map that's overlaid onto the gypsum

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fluid inclusion which is here and this

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is sort of what the clay looks like

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that's entombed within the gypsum and so

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in the red here we're able to pinpoint

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the presence of the beta-carotene within

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that and start everythings radiating

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away from the beta-carotene the so the

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raman signature peaks from the halo

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bacteria in comparison to the mixed

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environmental samples where you have

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multiple organisms present do lead us to

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believe that we are detecting beta

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carotene within the environmental

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samples and this could be a diagnostic

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peak that could be used as a bio

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signature in the future and we may be

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able to use Kwan or this may be parsed

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out and and a quantitative data could be

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used within the Raman signatures to

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understand the abundance of the beta

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carotene and trace that back to sort of

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what we're seeing from the microbiome

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data and similarly same Raman so we're

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looking at the fluid inclusions again

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and pinpointing the presence of beta

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carotene these are the corona crystals

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that we looked at and these are hey

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light hopper crystals within this is

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about

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micron scale is a submicron using again

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FTIR imaging and looking at the fluid

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inclusions within these as well as well

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as the halide hopper crystals that's it

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hey thanks um great talk I have one

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comment actually opened up the north arm

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of the salt lake now um oh okay

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hi it was just recently last fall um but

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I was also wondering you might have

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grazed by this were you extracting DNA

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from your fluid inclusions to try to get

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microbial life inside of that fluid

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inclusion yeah so the the Clay's and non

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clays we were able to separate those and

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understand that differently but the

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fluid inclusions within the hey light is

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sort of something we're still developing

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as to how we can separate the fluid

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inclusions look at that separately from

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the halide crystals so we weren't able

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to do that okay so you haven't found a

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way to sterilize the outside yeah

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exactly

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okay yeah yep we have any other

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this is really awesome study I was

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wondering kind of are you gonna plan to

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look at these kind of with ExoMars or

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MSL as good technique because you've got

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a kind of Mars 2020 raman spectroscopy

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would like laser desorption all kind of

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pyrolysis so you plan to do those

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experiments yeah we are we are trying to

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look at multiple methods to sort of

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trace back what we can see our primary

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focus is looking at wet micro lab

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techniques so the DNA extraction can be

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done and within a lab setting and sort

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of mapping that onto the data that we

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can receive from an instrument that

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could be easily mounted onto a rover or

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an orbiter so that that's our primary

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focus but yeah that's something we're

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definitely looking at thanks cool if you

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have user so field Raman or just a lab

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laboratory rapid instruments it was a

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lab rahman okay yeah you plan to do you

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plan to go to the field to do that

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directly there to see how much you can

304
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detect or yeah the field round we are

305
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we're definitely looking at field Raman

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as well to see if there are any

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differences okay well with that let's